Olive Through the Ages: Olive Milling Company

Olive Through the Ages

Olive Milling Company was the first significant industry in Olive and in the Santa Ana Valley, before Orange County was formed. Its early success can be attributed to its skillful and efficient management in the Dillin father and son team along with partner Louis Schorn, its state of the art equipment, and its prime location. The mill, run by water power, was situated near the mighty Santa Ana River, and carloads of the goods it processed and delivered were transported via railway. The mill also had the advantage of being one of only a few in Southern California, and because of its fine reputation, the business remained strong for more than two decades, before the milling industry was replaced over time by the citrus industry.

My thanks to Chris Jepsen for providing the image of the Olive Milling Company advertisement from 1901, and to Gordon McClelland for supplying many of the older articles used in this essay. Gordon used varied search terms to come up with these results, many articles which would otherwise have remained buried in the immense, online database.

Click/tap the thumbnail images below to view larger images in a separate browser window or tab.

The beginnings of Olive's first major industry

Olive Milling Co. was founded by Thomas Dillin and his eldest son Curtis who came to the Santa Ana Valley from Iowa in 1881. On January 16, 1882, the Dillins were granted a 10-year lease by the Santa Ana Valley Irrigation (S.A.V.I.) Company Board of Directors for water and power on five acres of land at Burruel Point (Olive), on a site identified today at the northwestern edge of Eisenhower Park in Orange. Here the Dillins began constructing a three-story flour mill beside the S.A.V.I. Co. irrigation canal that was established in the 1870s.

From the beginning, much excitement surrounded the construction of the mill, since it offered promise to a new region being cultivated. The Los Angeles Times closely followed activities at the site of the proposed mill and reported on June 6, 1882: "...Messrs. Dillon [sic] & Co. are building a three-story grist mill, to run by water. It will be seventy horse power, with five run of stones—three run 3-1/2 French burrs and two run 20-inch burrs for middlings, with two Garden City middlings purifiers. The mill will have a capacity of sixty or seventy barrels of flour every twenty-four hours and they have plenty of water power to double the capacity when desired. They expect to have it completed and ready for operation in October."

The Times followed up on July 4: "...We understand that the flour mill of Dillon [sic] & Co., at Berrell [sic] Point, is about completed and ready for machinery, which is now on the way from the East, and will reach here in about ten days. The mill building is practically four stories in height, finished in good shape and supplied with all the latest and most improved machinery."


Olive Milling Co. building photographed between late 1882 and early 1890

The Dillin Mill (or Santa Ana Valley Roller Mill), began operating on November 4, 1882, and on January 31, 1883, German emigrant Louis Schorn—a miller, tradesman, and farmer, whose wife was the sister of Curtis Dillin's spouse—bought a half interest in the mill. The company quickly became the principal industry in the Santa Ana Valley, with wheat brought in from cities such as Pomona, Spadra, and Wilmington. Thus it was serious news when the Times reported on May 22: "The flour mill at Buruel [sic] Point is not turning out any flour at present, being unable to procure wheat. Agents have been diligently scouring the country to obtain it, but without success. The mill is running on feed, etc." However, by August 7 operations at the mill were back on track, the mill having "purchased several car loads of wheat from the San Fernando valley."

Wheat growing was an important industry in Southern California during this era. On January 1, 1885, the Times cited the Los Angeles Milling Company and Capitol Flour Mills as the only two flour mills in the county. In that same news edition, the Times commented on the importance of the mill in the Santa Ana Valley: "At Buruell [sic] Point, a few miles distant [from Orange], is a large steel-roller flouring-mill, manufacturing nearly all the flour used in the valley." And on February 10: "...Messrs. Dillin & Schorn [were found] busy making flour and grinding corn. They are running the mill about fourteen hours per day at present. Mr. Dillin finds no trouble in getting all the first-class wheat he wants, and he says that grain has not been at so low a price for years as at present. The price is lower in Liverpool to day than it has been for over a hundred years. The mills are turning out a first-class quality of flour with their patent rollers." As evidenced by these words in the press, the presence of the mill at Olive was quite significant, being one of few in Southern California before the turn of the century.

Olive Milling, Land and Improvement Company is founded

The ongoing success of the mill brought positive press about Burruel Point, even though its name continued to be misspelled. On January 1, 1887, the Times reported: "Burrel [sic] Point, 4 miles north of Orange, has a fine flouring mill, a general merchandise store, and is the center of a flourishing neighborhood." Within a few months, though, the name "Burruel Point" was replaced by one that would be easier to remember: "Olive." On May 7, 1887, the Times announced: "New Development Company—Increase of Capital Stock. Articles of incorporation were filed by the Olive Milling, Land and Improvement Company. The purpose is to carry on the flouring and milling business. The directors are Louis Schorn of Anaheim; Thomas Dillin, of Olive; R.J. Blee, of Santa Ana, W.W. Martin, of Tustin City; George T. Insley, of Santa Ana; C.Z. Culver, of Orange, and P. Vandermeulen, of Tustin City. Capital stock, $50,000, all subscribed."


Olive Milling, Land and Improvement Co. map of Olive Heights in 1887

The Olive Milling, Land & Improvement Company did more than further the flouring and milling business. The Company purchased and subdivided the land west of the mill, forming the Olive Heights tract. The original tract included the following avenues running north and south: Railroad Street (now called Orange-Olive Road) which ran alongside the California Southern Railway railroad tracks, Olive Avenue, Magnolia Avenue, Orange Avenue, Palm Avenue, Ocean View Avenue, and Mill Street (which no longer exists); and the following streets running east and west: Buena Vista Street, Main Street, Hope Street (now called Lincoln Avenue), and Short Street (which exists in part). Nearly six years later, on February 6, 1893, the Times would report: "The residents of the Olive school district have decided to change the site of their schoolhouse from its present location to a point west of Mr. Upham's place. The Olive Milling Company has agreed to donate one-half acre of land, pipe water to the grounds, grade the two streets forming the approach, and furnish water free for two years for the school, in order to bring about the change of location."

But presently in the late 1880s, Olive was just one of many towns in the region that would comprise the region soon to be known as Orange County. As history would play out, many of these "paper towns" would vanish within a few years. Olive, however, continued to thrive, most likely because of its successful mill.

The mill had the advantages of being the only one of its kind in the region, running state of the art equipment, and managed by hard working, experienced personnel in the Dillins and Louis Schorn. These factors contributed to the quality goods produced by the mill, earning the company its fine reputation. Equally important, the mill was flanked by two prominent and successful allies: S.A.V.I. Co. and Santa Fe Railway that transported goods to and from the mill since having laid down tracks by Olive in 1887. Years later, on March 27, 1892, a Times article that praised the mill and its importance in Orange County named the railway and irrigation company in association with the mill: "The principal manufacturing enterprise is the Olive Milling Company, the only establishment of its kind in the county. This one establishment ships over 125 tons of freight per week, and is obliged to run day and night to fill its orders. The mill is run by water power, and of this there is a sufficiency to run all the manufactories in the county were they located with a view to utilizing the water."

The mill faces a few setbacks, but remains strong

Business at the Olive Milling Company did not always run smoothly. Not long after the establishment of Olive Heights, the mill faced some challenges that threatened its success. Tom Dillin retired and moved to Los Angeles in 1888, and then passed away on September 16, 1889. Louis Schorn was immediately appointed president and put to the test less than two weeks later, when breaking news was released by the Times:

"A destructive fire occurred last evening [September 29, 1889]... the three-story mill at Olive Heights being entirely consumed.... The mill was located at the mouth of the tunnel of the big irrigating ditch, which supplied the motive power, about four miles northeast of Orange, near Burrell [sic] Point, and was formerly known as the Burrell [sic] Point Mill.... It was one of the best equipped mills in the country, having the gradual roller process machinery throughout. Some of the gentlemen interested in the company are L. Schorn, of Anaheim; R.J. Blee, B.G. Balcom, of Santa Ana, and B.H. Reavis, of Orange. It was under the management of H.K. Small, as superintendent, and J. [James] P. Small, as bookkeeper. Mr. Rose, who resides near the mill, was the first to discover large volumes of smoke issuing from the building and called for help. He endeavored to do something to extinguish the flames, but the building was doomed to destruction by that time, and only some of the stored flour from the warehouse was saved."

The article concluded: "That the fire was incendiary is believed, as no one was about the mill yesterday, it being Sunday, and everything was left in a safe condition on Saturday night. The fire originated on the outside."


Second Olive Milling Co. building from 1890, taken in 1910


Lakeside Professional Building, 2009

Like the phoenix rising out of ashes, by spring of the following year, the mill was just about completely rebuilt at its new location on the northeastern corner of Hope and Ocean View, designated today as 1405 E. Lincoln Avenue, where the Lakeside Professional Building stands. On April 2, 1890 the Times announced: "The new flouring mill of the Olive Milling Company, Anaheim, is nearly completed, and the machinery will be started in a few days. There are several sets of flour rollers, corn shellers, separators, etc., which will enable the company to manufacture the very best grades of wheat and flour."

The rebuilt mill opened on April 8 with much fanfare (see image from April 8, 1890). At the request of the Olive Milling Company, the railway company ran a spur track along Hope Street to the railroad tracks at Railroad Street (Orange-Olive Road). In August that same year, the railway relocated their depot from the now fading boomtown of St. James to the prosperous town of Olive a half mile up the tracks to accommodate the lucrative Olive flour mill, advertised as the most important manufacturer in Orange County that October.

Under the leadership of Louis Schorn, the mill remained an industry leader in Orange County, but relationships with Santa Fe Railway and the S.A.V.I. Co. were sometimes strained.

Santa Fe Railway's influence on the mill

In 1891, head officials at the railway complained about the selection of wheat processed by the mill and run on their line. In a letter published in the LA Times on November 18, 1891, S.B. Hynes, General Freight Agent from Southern California (Santa Fe) Railway addressed H.K. Small of the Olive Milling Company on November 7: "I have found a good deal of complaint this fall regarding the condition of wheat that is being marketed, both in regard to it cleanliness and the character of the wheat, also being mixed with other grain....

"From the fact that you purchase a large quantity in the San Joaquin Valley, which must cost you more than the wheat purchased in the interior of this section, I assume that it has advantages over our own local product, and it is possible that we can assist our farmers in producing a grade of wheat that will more fully meet your requirements, and perhaps enable you to pay a better price for that grain in this territory...."

Two days, a reply came later from Secretary James Small of the Olive Milling Company: "...Until this season we have not been able to get a single car of pure White Australian wheat on the line of your road, but last month we obtained a fine lot of two cars at Elsinore and made a special run on it, and successfully demonstrated that it would produce as fine a quality of flour as say San Joaquin county wheat that we ever ground. While the farmer in the San Jacinto and adjacent valleys have attempted to raise White Australian, they have almost invariably had a mixture of either Sonora or Defiance wheat with it, either of which will not make good flour, thereby cutting off the price from milling to No. 2 shipping.

"We also find the same fault, though not so universal, in the White Russian variety grown along your line from Pasadena to San Bernardino, and in this valley it is more or less mixed.

"We obtained a few cars of straight white Russian, grown near Ontario, for which we gladly paid 10 cents per cental above the general market price then ruling.

"... But above East Riverside, in all the mountain valleys, from wherever we have drawn any wheat, we feel sure that with good, clean cultivation the white Australian will yield a good crop of milling wheat that will invariably command a higer price. It should not be sown in ground that has had mixed wheat on the year previous, as only a small mixture of Sonora or Defiance will preclude it from grading as milling wheat. Also, that if preferable to sow northern grown seed if possible, as it seems to get a more vigorous growth early in the season when it is most under.

"Pure seed, thorough cultivation and early seeding, we believe, will bring more dollars into the farmers' pockets of Southern California than it will possibly do on an average in the San Joaquin Valley. It also means more dollars for your people and ourselves."

A few years later after the publication of this correspondence, on February 5, 1894, the Times published a paragraph from The Orange News regarding this matter: "The Orange News, in its recent issue, has the following paragraph concerning the Small Bros. [H.K. and James P. Small] of this county, and their project of introducing the raising of wheat by the farmers of Southern California: "...The white Australian seed imported by the Olive Milling Company has proved a great hit. The quality of flour manufactured from it is first-class. The Olive Milling Company has not bought a pound of wheat from north of Tehachepi [sic] this season, being able to get all they required from the southern counties, and the quality of the flour manufactured has been equal, if not superior, to any made in former years."

The mill's dependence on the S.A.V.I. Company

In working to serve their needs of the community, the S.A.V.I. Co. helped the mill further its business. On April 15, 1892, the Times reported the Olive Milling Company and S.A.V.I. Co. had hosted a luncheon-dinner for attendees of the opening of the concrete conduit the S.A.V.I. Co. constructed near the mill, and 2500 people from Orange, Los Angeles, and San Bernardino counties had attended the event. "The syphon is one of the largest in the world and its completion marks an era of prosperity in the history of the upper Santa Ana valley...." the article proclaimed.

Despite the hype about the concrete canal, the tunnel needed some re-work before it held up sufficiently. The Times reported on December 13: "The cement on the break in the tunnel at Olive has been raised nearly a foot higher than formerly, and a concrete spout placed further back to deliver the overflow safely down the bank in case of another obstruction. The water has again been turned into the ditches and the machinery of the Olive mills once more operates by water power."

On August 1, 1894, the Times reported the main S.A.V.I. canal again needed repair work, affecting operations at the mill: "During the break in the main canal of the Santa Ana Valley Irrigation Company, where the canal crosses Santiago Creek, the water has to be run around in the upper ditch, and as a result, the Olive Mills have had to shut down until the break is repaired and the water again turned into the lower ditch. It will, perhaps be several days yet before all the damage of the break will be repaired."

During the interim years, the mill had other problems with the S.A.V.I. Co. as reported by the Times. The S.A.V.I. Co. board of directors claimed the Olive Milling Company owed them rent due on March 1, 1894. The rent owed by the mill apparently went unpaid for months, as H.K. Small had appeared before the board in late May that year, asking for "a rebate on the Olive Milling Company's rent to cover the time the water had been out of the ditch since October 21, 1889, and also for the time that the mill was being constructed...." Closure to this matter was published on August 1, with the board of directors deciding they did "not consider the Olive Milling Company entitled to a rebate on rent during the four years that they had free water." By August 31 "the matter was referred to the Litigation Committee for investigation."

The ongoing conflict between the mill and the water company ensued over the years, as indicated by these comments on January 1, 1896 following the S.A.V.I. Co.'s board meeting: "...the case of L. Schorn, president of the Olive Milling Company, charged with interfering with sluice-gates at the head of ditch B was called. After hearing evidence in the matter, Mr. Schorn was found guilty as charged, by a vote of 4 to 1 of the directors. The charge was, therefore, sustained, and Mr. Schorn, as president of the Olive Milling Company, was fined $25. The employees of the S.A.V.I. Company were then instructed to deliver no water to the Olive Milling Company for domestic or irrigation purposes, after the first Monday in March, until the fine is paid."

The mill reaches its height of prosperity at the turn of the century

The progressive and business savvy Schorn and associates let no obstacles stand in their way. They continually sought alternative ways of cutting costs in business operations, as announced in the "Southern California News" column of the Times on February 29, 1896: "The Olive Milling Company at Olive, this county, have begun using crude oil as fuel and the Orange News says the company find it fully one-half cheaper than wood or coal." At this time the mill's output of goods remained strong as published by the Times on April 19, 1897: "The Olive Milling Company at Olive has received a shipment of five carloads of corn from Capistrano, a section of country that heretofore has not enjoyed the reputation of being a corn-producing locality." The Citrograph reported on August 21 that year: "The Olive Flouring Mills company, for the year closing July 31, turned out over 10,000,000 pounds of breadstuffs. This means nearly 450 carloads, valued at $140,000." The mill was likely still one of the only one of its kind in the region, hence retaining its position as a significant business entity in Southern California, as this article concluded: "It does seem that Redlands, with cheap electric power, ought to have a flour mill, even if it only turned out enough to supply the home market."

The mill reached its peak of productivity just before the turn of the century. On June 5, 1898, the Times published an article from a recent issue the Plaindealer of Anaheim, stating:

"The importance and scope of the work of this big flour-milling establishment is realized by but few people outside of the number directly interested. The announcement that the books of the company show sales to the amount of $17,000 during April will be a surprise to the great majority, and gives an idea of the large business conducted. This month a greater volume is being done than last, and up to the 24th sales aggregating over $15,000 had been made. The business for the month it is expected will be over $20,000, or $3000 better in May than April.

"The mill is now running, and has been for the past month, twenty-four hours a day. For months previous it ran eighteen hours a day. At the present time it is pushed to the utmost capacity to keep up with orders, and the great warerooms, which it is the aim to keep well stocked so that orders may be filled without delay, contains constantly moving goods, and are comparatively empty. Twelve men are regularly employed at the mill, while several teams are operated. During April the output of goods was 1,096,000 pounds. The office force which directs this big business enterprise is composed of General Manager L. Schorn and Secretary E.P. Stafford [James P. Small reportedly resigned from the latter position in early October 1894]. In direct charge of the mechanical department of the mill is J.E. Van Pelt, one of the most competent millers on the Coast. The success of the milling company is due entirely to the exercise of splendid business sense on the part of its officers and the ability and capacity in their respective positions of Mr. Schorn and Mr. Stafford. The former has been longer at the wheel, and by wise and judicious management has earned an enviable reputation in the business world of Southern California. That the mill is in good hands is shown by the business it is doing, and emphasized by the fact that there is not another flour-producing concern south of Los Angeles, the mill at San Diego having recently closed it doors. Los Angeles has but three mills.

"The Olive mill is equipped throughout with the latest and best machinery and appliances for the producing of high-grade flour. There is not an inch of waste room in the big building. Every available spot is occupied, from cellar to garret, and the task of Miller Van Pelt is no light one, a vast amount of machinery demanding his constant care. From the first floor the grain is carried to the third, going through one set of rollers and one process of cleaning and separating after another until it again reaches the first floor in the form of the best flour made, and is ready for the sack. In the large cellar beneath the building are the engines and the 100-horse-power water motor, which keeps things moving throughout the year, with the exception of during about six weeks when the water supply usually falls and steam must be resorted to. This is the average, but this year is an exception, there having been no shortage of water experienced as yet. When steam has to be called upon a plant some distance back of the mill proper, where oil is used for fuel, is always in readiness. The water motor in service occupies but a few feet of room. It receives a flow of water through a pipe brought from an irrigating ditch some distance above, and discharges it back into an irrigating ditch on a lower level, so that it is kept moving and loses nothing by use. The capacity of the mill, to which it is now working, is 100 barrels per day. Four grades of flour, all excellent and popular sellers, are made. The brands are Perfection, Orange Blossom, Southern Belt and Bear Valley. At the present time the grain used at the mill is being brought from Northern California, Kansas and Nebraska. But for one improvement, aside from the building of an addition and increasing of capacity which at the present rate of progress will soon be absolutely necessary, is there room in the well-regulated mill, and that is the placing in it of its own electric plant. This step is now being arranged for."

On January 23, 1899, the Times reported: "The Olive Milling Company has decided on the purchase of a large amount of new machinery. The capacity of the mill at Olive is to be increased, and a greater variety of grades of flour made. The latest improved machinery is to be employed. The mill was thoroughly modernized about four years ago. It is now one of the largest in the State, and does an extensive business. Manager Stafford was north last week, looking at patterns of late machinery and arranging for the improvements it is intended to make. The year just closed was one of the most successful the mill has ever had."


Olive Milling Co. ad, 1901

The following year on January 21, 1900, the Times published an updated article from The Anaheim Plain-Dealer of Anaheim:

"Ten men are employed steadily in operating the Olive mill. It has not been shut down in several years for more than the few days required annually for repair work. It is now running twenty-four hours a day. It never operates less than twelve. Its product goes throughout Southern California. In the last year its freights amounted to above $20,000. Freight bills aggregating $2000 were paid last Saturday and there are always from two to ten cars sidetracked at the mill being either loaded or unloaded. The company pays over $400 in tax annually.

"The excellence of Olive flour has brought a steady increase in trade, demand growing constantly. No better flour is made on the Coast nor does any better come to the Coast market. Northern wheat is now being used at the mill because other cannot be secured. All the home wheat the mill could get, because of shortage in crop, was 10,000 sacks. It will possibly get 5000 more in the county that has not yet been put on the market. Manager Schorn prefers the home wheat, which he says is as good as obtainable, and further because the company desire to help home industry and advance it in every manner possible. About two hundred sacks a day are used and in the event of a good season this year the company will buy of Orange county ranchers above seventy-five thousand sacks of wheat. Beside wheat, rolled and crushed barley, rolled and crushed corn and feed products of both are turned out in large quantity by the mill. Barley and corn used are bought of the home rancher whenever possible. Many other benefits accrue to the Orange county rancher from the operation of the Olive flour mill. It is nothing less than suicidal for the rancher, in particular, to buy other than Orange county made flour. It is support for him in reality. Not a pound of other flour should be sold in the county. There is no place here, in justice, for it."

The milling industry gradually yields to the citrus industry

In 1906, then about the age of 67, Louis Schorn sold his interest in the Olive Milling Company and was succeeded as president of the Company by D.C. (Dewitt Clinton) Pixley of Orange. Under the leadership of Pixley, the mill remained productive and busy, as ever. A couple of years later, on July 16, 1908 the Times wrote: "The Olive Milling Company has received 300 tons of Oregon blue-stem wheat from Portland by steamer. A ten carload shipment of high-grade barley has also been received from Perris, Hemet and Murietta...." The following year, the Times announced on August 16, 1909: "The Olive Milling Company has elected as officers and directors for the coming year: D.C. Pixley, president and superintendent; R.J. Blee, vice-president; F.A. Blake, Jr., secretary; Bank of Orange, treasurer; W.H. Burnham, N.T. Edwards, P.W. Ehlen and G.J. Mosbaugh. The company has issued a report showing that the mill is in a flourishing condition and that there has been a material increase in both tonnage and pront over the previous year. During the past few months many improvements have been made in the plant and the machinery, including a pressure pump and improved solar oil burner, which greatly reduces oil consumption."

But the milling industry in Olive was beginning to wind down, soon to be replaced by the up and coming citrus industry, as foreshadowed by the appearance of the first citrus packing house in Olive in 1911. On January 1, 1912, the Times summarized commerce activity in the prior year: "Olive maintained its high standard for produce and shipments. A new packing-house [Grower's Fruit Company] was built. The Olive Milling Company, producing flour by use of water power from the Santa Ana Valley Irrigation Company ditch, employed many men and paid good dividends." The Santa Ana Daily Register published an article in 1913 about Olive, and regarding the mill, wrote: "Located here is the mill of the Olive Milling Co., which gives employment to about twenty-two men. Water power from the pipe line of the S.A.V.I. Co. is the chief source of power, though steam power is also used. This mill makes an excellent flour, cornmeal and food stuffs, utilizing so far as possible the products of the county, and the mill itself has a wide patronage among the people of the entire valley. The output of this splendid institution in round figures is about $250,0000 annually."

By 1915 Olive Hillside Groves and Olive Heights Citrus Association had built citrus packing houses around the corner and up the street from the mill. A new industry had surplanted itself in Olive, gaining steam as the flouring industry began to decline.

On October 17, 1919 Olive Milling Company sold the flour mill to Central Milling Company of Los Angeles, though the mill continued business at its current location. In a report by the Times on January 1, 1920 that summed up the previous year's progress in Orange County, the Olive Milling Company was named among "other industrial concerns which continued progress in 1919...."

The mill at Olive was put up for sale on July 22, 1924, as indicated by a notice that ran in the Times on July 3, stating the highest bidder would obtain: "...The Central Milling Plant buildings and some three and one-half acres of land situate at Olive, California, together with all machinery, equipment and appliances of every nature contained in said buildings and improvements on said real property,—automobiles, all accounts receivable uncollected at the time of said sale and the good will of said business."

Operations at the mill ceased soon after, and Padre Tile Company began operating at this site. The mill building remained for another seven and a half years, and was dismantled in the spring of 1932.

A marker for the Olive Mill

Though all traces of the mill have since been removed, in 1976 a marker for the original mill site was placed in Eisenhower Park (click/tap here to see an image of the marker). This marker reads as follows:

FIRST SITE OF THE OLIVE MILL

The 3-story flour and feed mill established by Thomas Dillin and his sons began operation Nov. 4, 1882. Its motive power was derived from a turbine turned by Santa Ana River irrigation water flowing down to the valley below. On Sept. 29, 1889, fire razed the structure. Due to its vital function in early Orange County's economy, it was rebuilt. The second site was on the S. W. corner of this park. It continued in operation there until 1932.

Erected by the Orange North Rotary Club February 3, 1976 Orange Bicentennial Commission

Sources: ProQuest Historical Newspaper Los Angeles Times articles; Wayne Dell Gibson, The Olive Mill: Orange County's Pioneer Industry. Santa Ana, CA: Orange County Historical Society, 1975; The Citrograph, August 21, 1897; The Santa Ana Daily Register, 1913; First American Historical Collection; Orange Public Library Collection; Orange County Archives; Orange County Directory.

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